Family Communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Family Communication - Assignment Example Second level is associated which implies that the relatives are encountering some closeness with feeling of having a place and unwaveringness. Thirdly, attachment is a sort of relationship which includes relatives are taking a stab at enthusiastic closeness, unwaveringness, and fellowship with the accentuation on some uniqueness. Enmeshed is the last degree of family correspondence which implies that the relatives are extremely close, steadfast, and ward and there is basically no uniqueness (Kathleen M. Galvin, 2012). My mother and father have been having a decent connection among themselves and furthermore with different family members. One day Mr. James my siblings instructor got back home and detailed that my sibling Vin was not going to classes and had was in every case late in school. My mom unveiled this data to father implying that she had great self-exposure qualities. What's more, my mom addressed my sibling with respect to the issue while we were taking dinner. She disclosed to my sibling that instruction was significant and it characterized ones future. This shows my mom has great listening abilities. To demonstrate that my sibling was a decent a decent audience, he took a gander at my mother. He reacted to my mother’s guidelines by gesturing his head which is a positive input for somebody with great listening aptitudes. Since this day my sibling has never missed

Definition Of Business Economics Commerce Essay

Meaning Of Business Economics Commerce Essay Business financial aspects, likewise called Managerial Economics as a field in applied financial matters utilizes monetary hypothesis and quantitative strategies to break down business ventures and the components adding to the assorted variety of hierarchical structures and the connections of associations with work, Capital ,land ,charges worldwide exchange and item advertises. Administrative Economics comprises of that piece of financial hypothesis which encourages the business supervisor to take choices. Business includes dynamic. Dynamic methods the way toward choosing one out of at least two elective game-plans. Monetary speculations help to break down the pragmatic issues looked by business associations. Business financial aspects incorporates monetary hypothesis with business practice. It is an uncommon part of financial aspects that overcomes any barrier between monetary hypothesis and business the executives. It manages the utilization of monetary ideas and standards for dyna mic in a specialty unit. It is called Business Economics or Economics of the associations. Each business is worked by certain assets and these are restricted . Business financial aspects enlightens the methods concerning how to use assets for most extreme fulfillment . Both miniaturized scale and full scale financial aspects instruments are utilized in business financial aspects . Be that as it may, small scale financial matters are so identified with business financial aspects on the grounds that for viable working of business , smaller scale financial matters assists with advancing interest , creation and cost and factor value hypotheses. Meaning OF BUSINESS ECONOMICS In straightforward words, business financial aspects is the order which helps a business chief in dynamic for accomplishing the ideal outcomes. As such, it manages the utilization of monetary hypothesis to business the executives. As per Spencer and Siegelman, Business financial matters is the mix of financial hypothesis with business practice to encourage dynamic and forward arranging by the executives. As indicated by Mc Nair and Meriam, Business financial aspects manages the utilization of monetary methods of thought to examinations business circumstance. From the above said definitions, we finish up the accompanying targets of business financial matters: 1) Explanation of nature and type of monetary investigation 2) To apply monetary ideas: and standards to take care of business issues 3) Spell out the connection between Managerial Economics and different controls layout the technique of administrative financial matters. 4) To make by and large advancement of a firm. 5) To limit hazard and vulnerability 6) To help popular and deals determining. 7) To help in activity of firm by aiding in arranging, sorting out, controlling and so forth. 8) To help in detailing business approaches. 9) To help in benefit expansion. NATURE OF BUSINESS ECONOMICS Administrative Economics and Business financial matters are the two terms, which, on occasion have been utilized conversely. Be that as it may, the term Managerial Economics has gotten increasingly mainstream and appears to uproot logically the term Business Economics. Business monetary tries to build up rules which help business associations accomplish their objectives, which in fact is additionally the quintessence of the word standardizing. In any case, if the organizations are to set up substantial choice standards, they should completely comprehend their condition. This requires the investigation of positive or clear hypothesis. Extent OF BUSINESS ECONOMICS : As respects the extent of business financial matters, no consistency of perspectives exists among different creators. In any case, the accompanying viewpoints are said to by and large fall under business financial aspects. 1. Request Analysis and Forecasting 2. Cost and creation Analysis. 3. Evaluating Decisions, strategies and practices. 4. Benefit Management. 5. Capital Management. 6. Stock administration 7. Direct programming and hypothesis of games 8. Ecological issues 9. Business cycles These different perspectives are additionally viewed as including the topic of business monetary. In this way, administrative financial matters contains both small scale and large scale monetary hypotheses. The topic of administrative financial aspects comprises of every one of those monetary ideas, speculations and devices of examination which can be utilized to break down the business condition and to discover answer for useful business issues. Qualities OF BUSINESS ECONOMICS The accompanying qualities of business financial aspects are: 1. Miniaturized scale financial aspects: Managerial financial matters is small scale monetary in character. This is so in light of the fact that it manages the issues of an individual specialty unit. It doesn't examine the issues of the whole economy. 2. Standardizing science: Managerial financial matters is a regularizing science. It is worried about what the board ought to do under specific conditions. It decides the objectives of the venture. At that point it builds up the approaches to accomplish these objectives. 3. Even minded: Managerial financial aspects is down to earth. It focuses on making monetary hypothesis more application situated. It attempts to take care of the administrative issues in their day-today working. 4. Prescriptive: Managerial financial matters is prescriptive as opposed to elucidating. It portrays answers for different business issues. 5. Utilizations large scale financial aspects: Marco financial matters is likewise helpful to business financial matters. Large scale financial matters gives a clever comprehension of the earth wherein the business works. Administrative financial matters takes the assistance of full scale financial aspects to comprehend the outer conditions, for example, business cycle, national salary, monetary approaches of Government and so forth. 6. Utilizations hypothesis of firm: Managerial financial aspects to a great extent utilizes the assemblage of monetary ideas and standards towards taking care of the business issues. Administrative financial matters is an exceptional part of financial aspects to overcome any barrier between monetary hypothesis and administrative practice. 7. The executives situated: The primary point of administrative financial aspects is to help the the executives in taking right choices and getting ready plans and arrangements for future. Administrative financial matters investigations the issues and give arrangements similarly as specialist attempts to offer help to the patient. 8. Multi disciplinary: Managerial financial matters utilizes most present day apparatuses of arithmetic, insights and activity inquire about. In dynamic and arranging standards such bookkeeping, money, promoting, creation and work force and so on. 9. Craftsmanship and science.- Managerial financial aspects is both a science and a workmanship. As a science, it builds up connection among circumstances and logical results by gathering, ordering and examining the realities based on specific standards. It brings up to the targets and furthermore demonstrates the best approach to achieve the said goals. Essentialness OF BUSINESS ECONOMICS 1. Business monetary is worried about those parts of customary financial aspects which are useful for business dynamic, in actuality. These are adjusted or changed so as to empower the administrator take better choices. 2. It likewise consolidates helpful thoughts from different trains, for example, Psychology, Sociology, Accounting. Measurements and Mathematics can be utilized to comprehend or if nothing else illuminate the issues of business the board. Business financial matters takes the assistance of different controls having an orientation on the business choices in connection different express and understood limitations subject to which asset designation is to be enhanced. 3. Business financial matters helps in arriving at an assortment of business choices in a entangled condition. 4. Business financial aspects makes a chief a progressively equipped model developer. It encourages him welcome the basic relationship Characterizing guaranteed circumstance. 5. At the degree of the firm. Where its activities are directed however known center utilitarian territories, for example, fund, showcasing, faculty and creation, business financial aspects fills in as an incorporating operator by organizing the exercises in these various zones. 6. Business financial matters takes discernment of the association between the firm also, society, and achieves the key job of an operator in accomplishing the its social and monetary government assistance objectives. It has come to be understood that a business, aside from its commitments to investors, has certain social commitments. Business financial aspects centers consideration around these social commitments as imperatives subject to which business choices are taken. It fills in as an instrument in encouraging the financial government assistance of the society through socially arranged business choices. Employments OF BUSINESS ECONOMICS Business financial matters is helpful on the grounds that: 1) It gives apparatuses and procedures to administrative choices 2) It offers responses to the essential issues of business the board. 3) It supplies information for examination and anticipating. 4) It gives instruments to request anticipating and benefit arranging. 5) It directs the administrative financial specialist. 6) It gives ideal Solution to Business Problems. 7) Business financial matters study is exceptionally useful for viable usage of business assets. It decides each factor cost on gracefully and request of such factor in this way, that the cost becomes upgrade by this flexibly and request examination. 8) Keynesian s general hypothesis of business discloses to us that full work relies upon speculation and powerful interest if both will increment after this business can increment . Govt. makes strides for expanding interest in independent work plans and attempt to assist with selling the items after this full business produced. Along these lines, Business financial matters offers various advantages to business directors. It is additionally helpful to people, society and government. Utilizations OF BUSINESS ECONOMICS IN MANAGEMENT The fundamental capacity of an administration official in a business association is dynamic and forward arranging. Dynamic methods the way toward choosing one activity from at least two elective blueprints while forward arranging implies making arrangements for what's to come. The subject of decision emerges on the grounds that assets, for example, capital, land, work and the board are constrained and can be utilized in elective employments. The utilization of financial matters to business the board or the mix

Great Topic Ideas for Problem Solution Essay Writing

Great Topic Ideas for Problem Solution Essay Writing Problem solution essay are often assigned to students as a basic academic writing requirement. In essence, it should describe a specific issue and offer its effective solution. Completing this academic assignment requires your detailed research before getting started. That’s because you need to gather enough information to adequately analyze a given situation, determine why it requires your attention, offer an effective solution, and evaluate its impact. Your basic target is to advocate for specific solutions or strong cases. This type of writing also involves solid arguments to convince the targeted audience to take action. Look for excellent and fresh problem solving essay topic ideas to succeed. Intro Writing a problem solution paper is a common requirement for all students. It’s an essay that defines a specific problem and discusses its effective solutions. The main thrust is to argue for your chosen solution to a given problem and convince other people to address it as soon as they can. Which problem to describe? Which solution to include? In this type of writing, you should discuss all issues based on the chosen topic and suggest viable solutions. To decide on a specific problem, you need to analyze possible options, expressions to introduce them, relevant results, and how to illustrate them in your paper. If you find it hard to choose the best solution, decide how it can be implemented and choose the most effective ways to make useful suggestions. Consider interesting problem-solution paper topic ideas to make these choices accordingly. Reference on how to write problem solution essay Completing this academic assignment starts with an introductory paragraph that identifies your chosen problem. Paint its clear image to make it more compelling for other to read your paper. Include a hook to grab their attention and appeals to their emotions by stating the consequences of your problem. The next part is elaborating and it requires you to present a given issue from a broad perspective. Write about its historical and other backgrounds and make the factual claims supported by reliable sources through endnotes or footnotes. Use correct citations to maintain a trustworthy style. After presenting your problem, you need to state a concrete solution. The main point of writing your problem solution essay is to convince readers that it’s the best option. To achieve this goal, your offered solution must be feasible, logical, and supported by strong evidence. This piece of writing should end with a logical conclusion that restates your problem and sums up all arguments into the most effective solution to address it. This paragraph should include a certain call to action to encourage the targeted audience to participate in your suggested solution or search for alternatives. Include potential consequences to create a sense of urgency. Essay samples for inspiration To find excellent problem solution essay topic ideas and take other steps necessary to end up with a perfect piece of writing, look for credible samples. Use them as your comprehensive guides at any stage of the writing process. Tips for writing There are some basic steps that should be taken to write a great problem solution paper. First, make a strong thesis statement to explain a particular problem. Create a connection with your readers because you need to convince them that it can be solved. You also need to clarify an efficient solution scheme and add more details to prove that it really works. Be sure to choose the best topics for problem solution essay writing. A list of topics for problem solution essay It’s often hard for students to choose good essay topics for problem solution essays because of available options. Check the following useful suggestions grouped based on their general themes. Social problems Check these helpful topics for problem solution essay on social issues: Address the need for helping homeless people in the community; How to wipe out racism totally; The most effective way to stop teen pregnancy; How to stop everyone from drunk driving; How divorces can be prevented; How to raise the awareness of teenagers to force them to be more cautions on roads; How to help the victims of family violence; How to improve the modern welfare system to destroy a cycle of poverty; Stopping gun violence effectively; How to handle illegal immigration; How to prevent human trafficking; Reducing the negativity that children face through video games, online activities, and movies; Finding the best balance between avoiding abusing and free speech; Convincing people to live without bad eating habits and smoking; How available employment opportunities can be improved? Relationship problems Interesting problem solution essay topics about relationships include these fresh ideas: How to take further steps when you’re just friends; Freeing yourself from unhealthy relationship; Saving your friends from bad relationship choices in life; Effective ways to deal with cheating partners; Should girls take the first step in relationships? How to define real relationships in the modern world; Face-to-face communication and texting; Group barriers that should be broken. Sports and entertainment problems These easy problem solution essay topics can help you write the best paper on sports and entertainment issues: How steroid use can be limited in sports; Do children train too hard at young ages? Should all college athletes be paid? How coaches can encourage athletes to succeed; What is the most effective way for young athletes to learn sports? How to limit the negative influences of reality shows? Should kids play video games less often? How to increase attendance at sporting events? How players can prepare themselves for future losses; How sports injuries can be effectively prevented. Family problems How parents can address social media issues of their children; How to stop parents to push kids too hard in academics and other areas; Helping families cope with children with mental conditions; How parents can improve honesty in their kids; How to improve children’s discipline and make them be more effective; How to promote finding the best parents and adoption rates; How parents can teach their kids to manage money wisely; Teaching faith to children. Politics Solving gun violence politically; Businesses that influence important political decisions through donations; How to solve the problem of illegal immigration; Effective programs for minority integration; Fairer political representations. Health How to relieve social anxiety by spending more time with your friends; Short exercise sessions during breaks to relieve back pain; Using special fitness apps if you lack regular exercises; How to ban food products with GMOs; Going offline on weekends and in the evening; How to get rid of aggressive behaviors; Melatonin for insomnia; Making all tobacco products illegal to reduce high lung cancer rates. Educational problems How to improve education for struggling students; Effective ways for schools to address different behavioral issues; Addressing special education needs of high-school students; Effective ways to make students more active; Special programs for talented and gifted students; How to prepare home-schoolers for their college; Allocating enough resources and funds for extra programs, including sports and fine arts; How to stop bullying, teasing, and violence at school; How to improve education for failing students; Should digital textbooks be used instead of the traditional ones? How to attract educated and talented teachers to public schools; Should physical education be mandatory in all schools? Should students use their laptops at school? How schools can improve a chance on building a healthier society? How to choose a right topic? If you don’t know where and how to find the best topic for your next problem solution paper, there are some easy guidelines that can help you make the right choice. Look for interesting and original problem solution essay topic ideas online, in local libraries, and other sources. Remember that choosing personal issues is not a clever idea because this academic paper should be focused on real-world matters. However, your topic shouldn’t center on such large-scale issues as world piece or national threats because their scope is too vast to cover in your essay. Pay attention to different ground-level problems that have an impact on people’s lives and you’ll find a number of suggestions. Look for something that really interests you to make the entire writing process easier and more enjoyable. Take your targeted readers into consideration when making a final topic choice. Conclusion Writing an impressive problem solution paper may seem quite a challenging academic task at first. However, if you use all the guidelines and tips mentioned above, you’ll make it much easier. Before submitting a final draft, check it for all possible mistakes and ensure that it follows the necessary formatting rules. It’s also necessary to reference your problem solution essay correctly. If you still have any hardship when completing this academic assignment, it’s time to use custom writing services online. Our skilled and talented professionals are always there to help you, so that you shouldn’t hesitate to entrust your problem solution paper to them. Their reliable and efficient services are designed to help you with any academic writing hardship or difficulty.

Queen Cleopatra VII Last Pharaoh of Egypt

The last pharaoh of Egypt, Cleopatra VII (69–30 BCE, ruled 51–30 BCE), is among the most recognized of any Egyptian pharaoh by the general public, and yet most of what we 21st-century people know of her are rumors, speculation, propaganda, and gossip. The last of the Ptolemies, she was not a seductress, she did not arrive at Caesars palace wrapped in a carpet, she did not charm men into losing their judgment, she did not die at the bite of an asp, she was not stunningly beautiful. No, Cleopatra was a diplomat, a skilled naval commander, an expert royal administrator, an orator fluent in several languages (among them Parthian, Ethiopian, and the languages of the Hebrews, Arabs, Syrians, and Medes), persuasive and intelligent, and a published medical authority. And when she became pharaoh, Egypt had been under the thumb of Rome for fifty years. Despite her efforts to preserve her country as an independent state or at least a powerful ally, at her death, Egypt became Aegyptus, reduced after 5,000 years to a Roman province. Birth and Family Cleopatra VII was born in early 69 BCE, the second of five children of Ptolemy XII (117–51 BCE), a weak king who called himself the New Dionysos but was known in Rome and Egypt as the Flute Player. The Ptolemaic dynasty was already in shambles when Ptolemy XII was born, and his predecessor Ptolemy XI (died 80 BCE) came to power only with the interference of the Roman Empire under the dictator L. Cornelius Sulla, the first of the Romans to systematically control the destiny of the kingdoms bordering Rome. Cleopatras mother was probably a member of the Egyptian priestly family of Ptah, and if so she was three-quarters Macedonian and one-quarter Egyptian, tracing her ancestry back to two companions of Alexander the Great—the original Ptolemy I and Seleukos I. Her siblings included Berenike IV (who ruled Egypt in the absence of her father but was killed on his return), Arsinoà « IV (Queen of Cyprus and exiled to Ephesos, killed at Cleopatras request), and Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV (both of whom ruled jointly with Cleopatra VII for a time and were killed for her). Becoming Queen In 58 BCE, Cleopatras father Ptolemy XII fled to Rome to escape his angry people in the face of a declining economy and the dawning perception that he was a puppet of Rome. His daughter Berenike IV seized the throne in his absence, but by 55 BCE, Rome (including a young Marcus Antonius, or Mark Antony) reinstalled him, and executed Berenike, making Cleopatra the next in line for the throne. Ptolemy XII died in 51 BCE, and Cleopatra was put on the throne jointly with her brother Ptolemy XIII because there was significant opposition to a woman ruling on her own. Civil war broke about between them, and when Julius Caesar arrived for a visit in 48 BCE it was still ongoing. Caesar spent the winter of 48–47 settling the war and killing off Ptolemy the XIII; he left in the spring after putting Cleopatra on the throne alone. That summer she bore a son she named Caesarion and claimed he was Caesars. She went to Rome in 46 BCE and obtained legal recognition as an allied monarch. Her next visit to Rome came in 44 BCE when Caesar was assassinated, and she attempted to make Caesarion his heir. Alliance with Rome Both political factions at Rome—the assassins of Julius Caesar (Brutus and Cassius) and his avengers (Octavian, Mark Anthony, and Lepidus)—lobbied for her support. She eventually sided with Octavians group. After Octavian took power in Rome, Anthony was named Triumvir of the eastern provinces including Egypt. He began a policy of expanding Cleopatras possessions in the Levant, Asia Minor, and the Aegean. He came to Egypt the winter of 41–40; she bore twins in the spring. Anthony married Octavia instead, and for the next three years, there is almost no information about Cleopatras life in the historical record. Somehow she ran her kingdom and raised her three Roman children, without direct Roman influence. Anthony returned east from Rome in 36 BCE to make an ill-fated attempt to gain Parthia for Rome, and Cleopatra went with him and came home pregnant with her fourth child. The expedition was funded by Cleopatra but it was a disaster, and in disgrace, Mark Anthony returned to Alexandria. He never went back to Rome. In 34, Cleopatras control over the territories that had been claimed by Anthony for her was formalized and her children were designated as rulers of those regions. End of a Dynasty Rome led by Octavian began to see Mark Anthony as a rival. Anthony sent his wife home and a propaganda war about who was Caesars true heir (Octavian or Caesarion) erupted. Octavian declared war on Cleopatra in 32 BC; an engagement with Cleopatras fleet took place off Actium in September of 31. She recognized that if she and her ships stayed in Actium Alexandria would soon be in trouble, so she and Mark Anthony went home. Back in Egypt, she made futile attempts to flee to India and set Caesarion on the throne. Mark Anthony was suicidal, and negotiations between Octavian and Cleopatra failed. Octavian invaded Egypt in summer of 30 BCE. She tricked Mark Anthony into suicide and then recognizing that Octavian was going to put her on exhibition as a captured leader, committed suicide herself. Following Cleopatra After Cleopatras death, her son ruled for a few days, but Rome under Octavian (renamed Augustus) made Egypt a province. The Macedonian/Greek Ptolemies had ruled Egypt from the time of the death of Alexander, in 323 BCE. After two centuries power shifted, and during the reigns of the later Ptolemies Rome became the hungry guardian of the Ptolemaic dynasty. Only tribute paid to the Romans kept them from taking over. With Cleopatras death, the rule of Egypt finally passed to the Romans. Although her son may have held nominal power for a few days beyond Cleopatras suicide, she was the last, effectively ruling pharaoh. Sources: Chauveau M. 2000. Egypt in the Age of Cleopatra: History and Society Under the Ptolemies. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.Chaveau M, editor. 2002. Cleopatra: Beyond the Myth. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Roller DW. 2010. Cleopatra: A Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Argumentative Essay On Homelessness - 1674 Words

Imagine living a life with no water, no food, no shelter, and wearing the same old clothes over and over again for the rest of your life. Suffering those hot summer days’ heat, hurricanes, storms, and just awful weather throughout the year. Seeing people walk by past by you, not noticing you are there but they do. Begging for food when you are hungry but people do not give anything, the only thing you get is judgments. All these things homelessness go through will be something that society will never understand because they are not the ones going through tough life situations. Homelessness circumstances will ever change in our society today if you do not do something about it to support them. About 1.56 million people, or about 0.5% of†¦show more content†¦There has also been a consideration by states to take measures on making drug testing mandatory for welfare recipients including homeless people. Wyoming lawmakers have taken measures of this type of situation. The y had concluded that people who receive help from public assistance or government are not using the money they receive right, they are misusing the government aid. Because of this they decided to cut off some of their benefits that they receive and use for tight state budgets. By doing this, welfare recipients will take notice that by ding drugs and/or alcohol bring no good in them. It will make them take action on what they own and by this it means they will notice that doing drugs it will take away the only help they can get from the government. It will show them that by doing this it has its consequences and to re-gain them it will be hard. They need to start thinking about their families to get them back up in their feet for their sake. But, it has brought the attention that people who are under the help of the public assistance orShow MoreRelatedArgumentative Essay On Homelessness1485 Words   |  6 PagesWill Sather Dr. Cullen EngC 1101: sec 52 31 October 2017 1485 Words Argumentative Essay Draft 2 Although most American citizens do not typically notice government programs in their daily lives, implemented policies have major effects on American citizens. It is estimated that around 1.35 million children suffer from homelessness due to their families living on the streets (Crook). With this massive housing conundrum, the United States government should increase funding for the McKinney-VentoRead MoreHomelessness : An Aspect Of Society1300 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish B: Argumentative Essay Homelessness is an aspect of society, which most people chose not to acknowledge. With the increasing amount of issues the United States faces, homelessness tends to be forgotten when the time comes for the government to establish what issues they should assist. Due to the substantial amount of issues the government concerns itself with, homelessness does not receive the necessary attention required and is improperly handled. In today’s society poverty-stricken individualsRead More Not All Homeless People Are Crazy1336 Words   |  6 Pagesa dark cloud in a blue sky, and in â€Å"Are the Homeless Crazy?† Jonathan Kozol questions the primary cause of homelessness in the United States. Are the homeless people really â€Å"paranoids of the street† and â€Å"among the most difficult to help?† When I read, â€Å"Are the Homeless Crazy?† I was amazed how clearly and skillfully the writer shows the reality, the conditions, and causes of homelessness through presenting an impressive array of statistics and showing the numbers of homeless children. The authorRead MoreArgument On Poverty1572 Words   |  7 PagesCami Tonti Mrs. Miller Language Arts Argumentative Essay December 6th, 2017 Poverty Is Ruling The Earth Half of the world, or about 3 billion people, live off of $2.50 or less a day. Additionally, according to UNICEF, approximately 22,000 children under the age of five, die every day from poverty. Something has to be done about this worldwide crisis of poverty, but no matter how hard we try calamity lingers. Poverty has been subjugating the Earth for years, obliterating families, jobs, andRead MoreThe Profession of Architecture2117 Words   |  9 PagesWrite an argumentative essay of at least 2000 words on an issue related to the role of the profession of Architecture or Interior Architects The role in architecture in order to combat the possibility of natural disasters is varied when it comes to rebuilding and housing before, after and during the natural disasters. Their essential knowledge and invaluable skills about, building materials, design and attention to detail is imperative in the prevention of damage to buildings. However, unlessRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagessolvers and decision makers who prefer to deal with technical tasks and straightforward, prescribed problems rather than social or interpersonal issues. They excel at problems that have one correct answer. Multiple-choice exams are preferred over essay exams. Research has suggested that these individuals are inclined toward careers in technology, engineering, and law. In college, students with a knowing style tend to major in the physical sciences, engineering, law, and computers. In business, they

Policing Free Essays

CRJ 110 Chapter 6 Assignment 3 Jerome Skolnick developed a profile for the â€Å"working personality† of police officers. His theory is that all officers have â€Å"distinct cognitive tendencies†, or they all possess certain traits in the way that they think. The three elements of the police personality that he focuses on are danger, authority and efficiency. We will write a custom essay sample on Policing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Observers of the police have noted that individuals who are more â€Å"cynical, authoritative, suspicious, brutal† seem more likely to become officers. Others argue that the nature of the job will turn an average person into a person with the police personality. One of the most well known studies of the police personality is that of Jerome Skolnick. Skolnick focuses on three elements of his profile of the â€Å"working personality† as he refers to it. The three elements are danger, authority, and efficiency. The working personality develops with danger. Danger makes the officer more suspicious of people that they think might be committing crimes. This ties into the theory of the text that the career of a police officer attracts people who are more suspicious and cynical than average. When danger and authority are mixed they can make the officer feel isolated in the community. People in the community can feel disconnected from the police because of the power that officers possess. This leads to officers feeling that they have to protect each other and to the use of deception by officers. The â€Å"blue wall of silence† is a term used to describe a situation where an officer is expected to back up a fellow officers story, even if they do not agree with what happened. Police say that deception is necessary in their job in order to be an efficient officer. Lying is a way for an officer to get around restrictions in place by the courts and get the criminal off the streets. Some officers believe that the law favors the criminal. A situation where an officer may feel the need to lie would be an instance where the exclusionary rule prevented them from obtaining or using evidence that was the product of an illegal search. An officer could lie and say that they were acting in â€Å"good faith†, and the evidence could be allowed in court. Classifying a police officers personality into the profile of either a working or police personality is a way to understand how and why an officer may be making the decisions that are being made and how they approach their work. Its a way of thinking about all the factors that make up police work, and its helpful to think about the fact that police work attracts a certain type of person more than another, and this personality is what makes a successful officer. How to cite Policing, Papers

Music Compare and Contrast free essay sample

Since the beginning of time, many bands and artists have helped shape the way people live. Thirty Seconds to Mars. With lead singer Jarred Let, is a very successful pop-rock band. Starting in 1998, the members of this band did not have it easy. Neither did Ludwig van Beethoven who grew to be one of the most successful composers of all time. Taking in the world and challenges around them, both of these artists overcame many obstacles to become what they are known for. Their fans have followed and have been inspired by them. The band Thirty Seconds to Mars andLudwig van Beethoven came from two different eras and have rough times in their youth but overcame to succeed in the music world. [Ludwig] Beethovens father, Johann, left many unpleasant memories In his sons existence. Undoubtedly talented, Johann was not only incapable of being a positive influence on his genius sons education, but, at times, he was outright prejudicial (Beethovens Childhood). We will write a custom essay sample on Music Compare and Contrast or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Beethoven showed interest in music as it ran In the family. His father was his first music teacher and was extremely strict about his musical education. HIS mother was sweet and kind. Despite his fathers strict musical teachings, the family was well and lived in a fruitful atmosphere. As Beethoven lived in a well-off home, Jarred Let (lead singer of Thirty Seconds to Mars) was not so well off. Growing up in Louisiana, his parents divorced at an early age and he and his brother lived with their mother. Jarred and his brother, Shannon, did not stay close to their father, but just a few years after the divorce, their father died. While growing up, they moved around the country to stay close to their mothers father, who was in the Alarm Force.Shreds first Job was as a dishwasher at a local assistant at age twelve so he could help provide for his family. Jarred dropped out of high school in the tenth grade, but a few years later, he returned determined to study and continue his education. Ludwig Beethoven thrived in his education. Even as a child he stood apart through a rare capacity to focus and through his Introvert nature (Beethovens Childhood). At such a young age, Beethoven showed great intelligence and promise in his education.He went to school until his was ten, but it was said that the years he spent in school did not give him much knowledge. Though at Just the age of ten, e was not able to continue In school anymore due to his family; they were beginning to struggle financially because of his father being an alcoholic. Even though he was not going to school anymore, Ludwig continued his musical education, with his father teaching him day and night. Without a doubt, the child was gifted and his father, Johann, envisioned creating a new Mozart, a child prodigy (Biography: Beethovens Life). At the age of Just 7 h the child gave his first performance at Cologne and soon after, Beethoven began his studies with teacher, Christian Gotten Neff. This was the teacher that taught him musical composition. Four years later, Beethoven wrote his first published composition which was for keyboard variations. Beethovens music came to him, while Jarred Let came to become the lead singer in a band in different ways. He continued his education at Philadelphia university of I OFF Arts and went into acting. After he graduated he went to Los Angles, but wanted to try music.He did some small part-time acting roles, but never anything big. Jarred and his brother Shannon decided to get together and form a band as a family project Ninth some of their close friends. The named the band Thirty Seconds to Mars. For us, he name Thirty Seconds To Mars has little to do with space, the universe, or anything like that. It is a name that works on several different levels. Most importantly, it is a DOD representation of our sound. Its a phrase that is lyrical, suggestive, cinematic, and filled with immediacy, said Jarred Let about the name they chose for their band Elite).In 1787 Beethoven went to Vienna to study with the great Mozart. When Mozart saw him perform he exclaimed, Keep your eyes on him; some day he will give the Nor something to talk about. This great artist was right, but shortly after coming to Vienna, Beethoven rushed back home for his mother fell ill. She died a few months later which sent her son into depression. The depression however, did not last and Beethoven continued carrying on as a puns musician. In 1790, Beethoven, Just 19 years old, received a remarkable honor of composing a musical memorial for the death of the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II.Ninth no reasons known, this piece was never played. However, more than a century later, Johannes Brahms discovered that Beethoven had in fact composed a beautiful and noble piece of music entitled Cantata on the Death of Emperor Joseph II. It is owe considered his earliest masterpiece (Biography). Just under two decades old, this man was pronouncing himself in the world. As Mozart said before, he was giving the world amazing music to talk about. It took the band Thirty Seconds to Mars and lead singer, Jarred Let a little longer to give the modern day world music to talk about.The band took a year to find a studio to support them. In 1998, the band signed a contract with Immortal and Virgin. Rehire first album was set to be released in 2002, but before that the band, Puddle of Mud, asked for them to Join their six week tour around the country in the spring. Hairy Seconds to Mars went and this was good promotion for the album released August later that same year. When you look at the music from Thirty Seconds to Mars, it is a mix of mostly rock Ninth some pop. Many of their songs tell about experiences in a metaphoric way.Their first album, self-titled: Thirty Seconds to Mars, was released in 2002. Jarred Let wrote and composed all the songs on this album pulling inspiration from his youth and the Nor around him. He explained in one interview, Everything on this album is about real human experiences. That is the single most inspiring source for us, the human trudge. Lyrically, its a very personal album that sometimes uses otherworldly elements or conceptual ideas to illustrate a truthful personal situation. The opening track is Capricorn (A Brand New Name).It speaks of renewal. Another song, Fallen, is about escape. But as with all songs, people intemperate them differently and the band and Jarred explain, But Id rather let people take their own understanding and meaning from the song. I think that is one of the exciting things about music, the interpretation, from individual to individual and how it can change so much (Let). Beethoven was making a name for himself throughout Europe. At school, he easily classical restraint of Haydn and Mozart, yet there were always flashes of what was to come.The emotion he displayed while playing his own music was unheard of in his day, and the fiery intensity of his early Piano Sonata in C minor, know was the Pathetic is one of the first works in which Beethoven gives vent to his own dramatic musical voice (Sharpen). Ludwig Beethoven wrote many compositions for the piano and violin as these were popular instruments that people in the home were playing for family and friends. He quickly grew to be a household name and was looked upon as a star.

Her Kind by Anne Sexton free essay sample

Theme: All humans at some point in life feel ostracized by society which can lead to a life of solitude and loneliness in a frantic search for our identity. Discussion Question: Do you believe that female oppression is still an issue in society today? If not, how has society evolved in that females are more empowered? SUMMARY Significant Literary Devices: imagery, syntax, repetition, allusion, conceit, rhyme scheme Anne Sextons Her Kind is a poem in which the speakers pain is expressed through vivid imagery and dismal repetition. The title of this poem is a portion of the refrain, l have been her kind seen in lines 17, 14 and 21 . This eludes the reader into thinking they are in the third person observing the speakers own life. However, we are actually accompanying them as they peer into the lives of others who are each given different labels such as the witch, the distressed housewife and the persecuted. We will write a custom essay sample on Her Kind by Anne Sexton or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The rhyme scheme of this poem is ABABCBC which is seven lines, an odd number, which shows that while there indeed is a pattern it is not an even amount of lines which is done purposely to represent the irregularity and imbalance in the life f the speaker. In the first stanza we see a lonesome witch who lurks her neighbourhood solemnly. In the second stanza we peer into the warm caves(8) which are where the tedious mother/wife resides who constantly perfects things due to the lack of structure in her own life. The third and most powerful stanza we see the martyr who is self-empowered and remains true to herself as she rides in a cart towards her death. The phrases ridden in your 5) and flames still bite my thigh(18) are allusions to the Salem Witch Trials in which witches rode in carts to e burned at the stake. Imagery is a significant device in this poem which assists in helping the reader understand the speakers suffering from the isolation she faces from society. Using terms such as twelve fingered (5), lonely thing (5) and haunting the black air(2) to describe her alienation and how she floats through life as though nobody acknowledges her existence. In the first stanza the lines are split with commas which creates a choppy, monotonous effect. This shows that she is simply going through the motions of life, a prosaic being devoid of emotion or otivation to live. Repetition plays a notable role in this poem as it gives us a sense that the speaker relates to these different personas. The speaker has a multifaceted personality as she morphs from one identity to the other in order to feel accepted by society. Right off the bat we see l have in the first line of the first stanza which is repeated in lines 8 and 15 as a declaration; this shows that it is a direct confession from the speaker themselves. Also, the phrase A woman like that is used in lines 6, 3 and 20 to show a generalized spectrum of women who have felt detached from society. One of the most important devices used in this poem is the refrain which is l nave been ner kind . This snows that sne is not the same person as the witch, housewife or martyr but instead they are all elaborate metaphors to portray what she herself is experiencing in life. The witch is not merely Just an image in this poem, it is an extended metaphor which lasts throughout the whole poem, otherwise known as a conceit, to represent women who feel detached from society.

Free Essays on Drowning Girl, Roy Lichtenstein

DROWNING GIRL DATE PAINTED: 1963 MEDIUM: Oil on Canvas PRESENTLOCATION: The Museum of Modern Art, New York SIZE: 171.8 x 169.5 Drowning Girl (1963) is an example of Lichtensteins comic style which began in the early 1960’s. Drowning Girl is a large picture of a girls head surrounded by a tumultuous wave with the caption reading â€Å"I don’t care! I’d rather sink than call Brad for help!â€Å" The first thing to notice about this work is its incredible size. The girls head is monumentally large - the entire painting is about as high as a tall woman. The piece is oversized and striking. Roy Lichtenstein’s comics are what made him famous and all his well known paintings are in this style. The source of his images are obviously from comic books but some of the elements of his compositions come from advertising. Both the form and content of the commercial comic trivialises and generalises emotions, actions, people and objects so as to make them conform to popular opinion. Lichtensteins comics simplified life and reduced its complexities into an assemblage of emotional cues. The viewer accepts this abbreviated language system because it is part of the every day world of media culture.# Lichtensteins comic style works are transparent, simple and easy to interpret. Lichtenstein used this visual language in his adaptation of comic images. The viewer can interpret Lichtensteins comics for themselves and the opinion of the author is concealed. Lichtensteins pictorial vocabulary, typography and the arrangement of his texts are from advertising. Lichtenstein used source material which everyone knew. Because his style is taken from culture - advertising and comics - things everyday people knew - it was widely understood and transparent in what it is trying to say. So in turn his style wasn’t created but rather taken from processes already familiar to people living in the modern communications system and put into new... Free Essays on Drowning Girl, Roy Lichtenstein Free Essays on Drowning Girl, Roy Lichtenstein DROWNING GIRL DATE PAINTED: 1963 MEDIUM: Oil on Canvas PRESENTLOCATION: The Museum of Modern Art, New York SIZE: 171.8 x 169.5 Drowning Girl (1963) is an example of Lichtensteins comic style which began in the early 1960’s. Drowning Girl is a large picture of a girls head surrounded by a tumultuous wave with the caption reading â€Å"I don’t care! I’d rather sink than call Brad for help!â€Å" The first thing to notice about this work is its incredible size. The girls head is monumentally large - the entire painting is about as high as a tall woman. The piece is oversized and striking. Roy Lichtenstein’s comics are what made him famous and all his well known paintings are in this style. The source of his images are obviously from comic books but some of the elements of his compositions come from advertising. Both the form and content of the commercial comic trivialises and generalises emotions, actions, people and objects so as to make them conform to popular opinion. Lichtensteins comics simplified life and reduced its complexities into an assemblage of emotional cues. The viewer accepts this abbreviated language system because it is part of the every day world of media culture.# Lichtensteins comic style works are transparent, simple and easy to interpret. Lichtenstein used this visual language in his adaptation of comic images. The viewer can interpret Lichtensteins comics for themselves and the opinion of the author is concealed. Lichtensteins pictorial vocabulary, typography and the arrangement of his texts are from advertising. Lichtenstein used source material which everyone knew. Because his style is taken from culture - advertising and comics - things everyday people knew - it was widely understood and transparent in what it is trying to say. So in turn his style wasn’t created but rather taken from processes already familiar to people living in the modern communications system and put into new...

Mango's Business Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Mango's Business Model - Essay Example Mango has developed unique advantages in terms of product and related design processes, quality, production, logistics, and HR policies as well as in the implementation in the state of the art technology. Product Through the process of subcontracting their product designs and the related prototypes, the company itself maintains the entire process of designing the product to making the product available to the end consumers. The entire chain of production has been subcontracted to various markets across the globe like China, Morocco and even to the markets in Turkey. By the process of outsourcing their designs, the company has developed the unique advantage to promote four collections in the markets on an annual manner. Quality In an attempt to maintain the standard of quality for the products, which are manufactured by following an outsourcing model distributed throughout the globe, consistent quality checks are carried out at various points of the distribution channel, ranging from the factory premises to the store premises. This provides the advantage of supplying quality materials to the consumers. Design The brand Mango focuses on providing their clothing line to the end consumers under the most perfect in store conditions with the same level of convenience offered to consumers all over the world. Design is considered as a highly critical factor in case of the brand Mango, for luring in customers to the store. As a matter of fact, in order to maintain the same kind of store image, Mango maintains an entire team of window dressers, coordinators, and supervisors whose main job is to offer the similar kind of in store feeling to consumers all over the world by offering them with the same kind of in store design and related accessories. Culture Mango being an international company has a highly integrated product line, which is manufactured by outsourcing them to other companies. Though Mango follows the outsourcing model, yet the collections are made as prototy pes at the company and then outsourced for mass manufacturing, while following a centralized hierarchy. But in order to make their production lines for their collections appeal to the customers all over the world, the collections are designed keeping in sync with the cultural tastes that are prevalent in various parts of the world like the countries in the Middle East. This provides the advantage of being able to cater to the diversified cultural tastes for Mango’s clothing line for the young target audience, prevalent in various parts of the globe that prefer to be attired in a different clothing line altogether, yet at a consumer friendly price. Production Mango follows an outsourcing model, as described earlier for the production of its clothing line. In every season, an entire range of new suppliers are detected to match the technical requirements as well as the surge in production. In an effort to maintain long term relationships with the suppliers, a system of collabora tion is followed and maintained by the brand like indulging in constant dialogue and

Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Movie Review Example Anderson bizarrely presents this against the framework of an abrupt and histrionically fluctuating realm in Zubrowka. The film presents intriguing tales that entreats history under the main story, which guarantee that the audience is obstinately entertained. The main character, Ralph Fiennes, presents an incandescent authenticity to a character who can abruptly change from charming to somewhat despicable at an instance. The mythological caretaker at the Budapest, Monsieur Gustave, is a master in obsequiousness and seduction. This is especially evident in his elderly female guests who find his charisma outright tantalizing. Gustave and Zero Mustafa’s (Tony Revolori) journey to pay tribute a guest’s commemoration introduce the mysteries in the movie, including the jailbreak and a dizzying ski-and-sled pursuit from a hilltop cloister. Such antique creations highlight the specialism of Anderson’s work in terms of inventiveness. The narration spans three divergent areas in a succession of recollections. Remarkably, the film has a colour-set for all these separate scenes that characterize Anderson’s now-inimitable mark of custom-made, impenitent dedication to underhandedly ordered attractiveness. Most of the characters have an appealing personality that makes the film nerve-wracking and watchable. The step sequence of these characters is that of a specialist. It magnificently creates a courteous, pleasing travesty of Nazi-era concerns. Perceptibly, the ‘The Grand Budapest Hotel’ was inspired by Stefan Zweig, an Austrian playwright who abandoned Germany during Hitler’s term. However, this film confirms that attention to detail can be both valuable and detrimental. While the elaborate production scheme in the film such as cut-away sets portray a well turned-out film, it may lose its characterization, feeling and plot owing to the crowded

Policing Human Trafficking: Issues

Policing Human Trafficking: Issues Written for the Home Office Challenges of policing sex trafficking Sex Trafficking is a hidden and very complex crime. On this account, the lack of awareness, knowledge and a legal definition about this crime makes, policing sex trafficking, a challenge. This briefing paper will approach the issues encountered when policing sex trafficking in the United Kingdom. Special points of interest Effectiveness of the National Referral Mechanism Support victims effectively UK Border Agency backlog Lack of authorized agencies Lack of awareness and knowledge Care for child victims Inside this issue The National Referral Mechanism Recovery Time The UK Border Agency backlog First Responders Identify victims Legislation Accommodation for Child Victims Definition of Human Trafficking According to the Palermo Protocol, the definition of human trafficking is: ‘the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power, or a position of vulnerability, or the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal or organs’ (Palermo Protocol, 2011) There are three main elements to define Human Trafficking. The movement which is the transportation or recruitment of persons, the control which reflects the coercion, use of force, threat or payment method to control a person, and the purpose thins being the exploitation of a person through forced labour, the removal of organs, slavery and sexual exploitation.(UKHTC, 2013) Human trafficking is often seen as an international cross-border, but it can also exist human trafficking within your own country. (UKHTC, 2013) The National Referral Mechanism Recovery Time The National Referral Mechanism (NRM) purpose is to identify victims of trafficking and give them protection and assistance. To be engage in the NRM process, the potential victims of trafficking will generally have to be identified by the front line practitioners or First Responders such as the police force or the UK Agency Border, etc. (UKHTC, 2013) When a potential victim of trafficking is referred to the NRM by an authorised agency, the Competent Authorities – UK Human Trafficking Centre (UKHTC) or UK Border Agency (UKBA) – has to make a ‘reasonable grounds’ decision, which is decide whether a person is a victim of trafficking even if they cannot prove it in only up to five days. (UKHTC, 2013) If the decision is positive, the potential victim of trafficking will be granted a period of 45 days to recover from the traumatic events and reflect upon decisions such as whether co-operate with the police, go home, etc. (UKHTC, 2013) Several studies have identified the serious and complex mental health needs of victims of human trafficking. Victims of sex trafficking have often experienced, or confronted with events that included actual or threatened death or serious injury (Clawson, et al, 2008). According the American Psychiatric Association (APA), the victim’s response to these events involves fear and feelings of withdrawn. The APA considers these reactions and exposure to trauma, two of the main criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (PSTD). Table 1 shows the percentage of trafficked women with these symptoms. For an official diagnosis take place, the symptoms must to persist for over a month. PTSD usually presents itself within the first three months after a traumatic event and in about half of victims, a complete recovery take place within three months (American Psychiatric Association, 2005). The UK Border Agency backlog The aims of the UKBA are the law enforcement in order to protect the national interests, protecting the UK’s border, solving crimes such as immigration, smuggling and border tax fraud, and executing fast and fair decisions. (UKBA, 2013) If a potential victim of human trafficking has an unclear immigration status the victim will be referred to the Competent Authorities in the UKBA. These Competent Authorities in the UKBA work mainly with asylum issues. Since asylum and human trafficking cases are dealt in different ways and have different processes, these two roles could create a backlog of work contradicting their duty of executing fast and fair decisions. (Victims of Human Trafficking – guidance for frontline staff, 2013) In evidence to the Centre for Social Justice, a Competent Authority of the UKBA stated that ‘It’s difficult if you’re working on asylum cases to get the other work done†¦you’re constantly interrupted.’ (2013, p.78) ‘It’s difficult if you’re working on asylum cases to get the other work  done†¦you’re constantly interrupted.’ (Centre for Social Justice, 2013) The statistics show that the UKBA in 2012 had 33,900 backlog asylum cases and 7,000 backlog immigration cases that it needs to be concluded. Table 2 shows the asylum and immigration backlog casework. Many people have waited many years to know the result of their applications. The number of asylum seekers waiting for a decision for more than six months is 53% and the 3% is the number of cases that were concluded within a year. Table 3 shows the number of dependent applicants waiting more than 6 months for an initial decision. (Parliament, 2013) First Responders All the agencies and organisations that are more likely to encounter victims of trafficking are considered the First Responders. Therefore, they are authorized agencies to refer the victims of trafficking to the NRM. The NRM was introduced in 2009 and since that, the number of authorized agencies or First Responders increased. (SOCA, 2013) Chris Good, a former Youth Offending Team Senior Practitioner of Ashfield in evidence for the Centre for Social Justice stated ‘No-one in the community completes a NRM referral ahead of remand, hence the YOT have had to do it despite being officially unable to.’(2013, p.72) The Young Offender Institutions (YOIs) have identified a number of young people within their institutions, who were not referred to the NRM and with characteristics of a victim of trafficking. The problem is that the YOIs are not authorized to refer these victims to the NRM. (The Centre for Social Justice, 2013) ‘No-one in the community completes a NRM referral ahead of remand, hence the YOT have had to do it despite being officially unable to.’ (Chris Good, former YOT Senior) Identify victims In the UK, the identification of a victim of trafficking is based on two approaches: one is based on having sufficient evidence for prosecuting the crime of traffic of human beings, and another is under the NRM. The Home Office provides a set of guidelines on how to identify victims of trafficking, but there are no formal training given to the authorities indicating what issues they must look for. (GRETA, 2012) The Minister of Immigration is who deal with the human trafficking. This could influence the misperception of what human trafficking is. However, there is evidence suggesting that even police officers have a lack of knowledge and awareness related to crimes of sex trafficking. In evidence for the Centre for Social Justice, the Deputy Chief Constable of Sussex Police stated ‘One girl escaped from a brothel and went to a police station to tell that she had been trafficked. She had no passport. Under these circumstances, we choose to arrest her for being and illegal immigrant.’ (2013, p.84) ‘One girl escaped from a brothel and went to a police station to tell that she had been trafficked. She had no passport. Under these circumstances, we choose to arrest her for being and illegal immigrant.’ Giles York, Deputy Chief Constable In 1997, the Global Alliance Against Trafficking in Women (GAATW), after conducted a research into trafficking of women, affirmed that collect evidence on crimes of women trafficking was almost impossible due to a lack of a consistent and precise definition of women trafficking and the criminal nature of prostitution. (Doezema, 2000) Generally speaking, the adversarial system existent in the UK states that a person is innocent until proven guilty. (Davies, et al., 2010) Taking this into account, having the knowledge of how to identify a victim of human trafficking is essential to support, assist and combat crimes of human trafficking. (Hope for Justice, 2013) Legislation The Sexual Offences Act 2003 under the sections 57, 58 and 59 define the trafficking for sexual exploitation a crime when, an individual traffick a person into the UK (Section 57), an individual traffick a person within the UK (Section 58) and an individual traffick a person out of the UK (Section 59). (SOCA, 2013) The Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc.) Act 2004 define a crime for trafficking human beings within the UK if an individual arrange or facilitate the arrival into the UK of a victim, and intend or know that someone else intends, to exploit the victim in the UK or elsewhere. (Crown Prosecution Service, 2013) The fact that the requirement needed to prosecute someone for trafficking within the UK is to prove that the individual was first trafficked into the UK is a barrier for successful prosecutions. Table 2 shows the number of Human Trafficking convictions in England and Wales between 2009 and 2011 on a principle offence basis. (Inter-Departmental Ministerial Group on Human Trafficking, 2012) Accommodation for child victims After a child been identified as a victim of human trafficking they will be referred to an agency with statutory powers for child protection such as the police or the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) to provide secure safety to them. Under The Children Act 1989, section 17 the local authority has the duty to safeguard the welfare of children in their area. (Children Act 1989, 2008) The needs of a child will dictate the accommodation given by the local authorities, such as foster care, children’s homes or unsupervised care (hotels or hostels). (CEOP, 2007) Despite the fact that there is little information about on trafficked children going missing from care the APPG for Runaway and Missing Children and Adults and the APPG for Looked After Children and Care Leavers estimates that 60% of potential child victims on care by local authorities go missing and nearly two thirds are never found. (APPG for Runaway and Missing Children and Adults and the APPG for Looked After Children and Care Leavers, 2012) The APPG affirmed that one of the reason for children go missing from the care of their local authorities is ‘that they are groomed so effectively by their traffickers that the children are so terrified of what might happen to them or their families if they break their bond or tell the authorities that they run back to their traffickers.’ (2012, p.13) However, under the section 47 of The Children Act 1989 the local authorities must start an investigation if a child is ‘suffering, or is likely to suffer, significant harm’ (The Children Act 1989, section 47). Although, as it was mentioned previously in this briefing paper, the lack of knowledge by the authorities about human trafficking and, in this particular case, about trafficked children makes the identification and investigation hard to be successful. Psychological treatment for children The accommodation support is not the only failure of the government officers. As it was mentioned previously, the impact of exploitation in victims’ minds is immense and it could take years for a complete recovery. In evidence to the Centre for Social Justice, one foster carer spoke about the lack of available counsellor to support those children in her care. In a certain case, instead of wait so long for a counsellor, the foster carer decided to pay a private one with her own money. (Centre for Social Justice, 2013) The manager of the Children and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) said to the Centre for Social Justice that they have so much pressure that the most difficult cases tend to stay behind. (Centre for Social Justice, 2013) Conclusion This briefing paper explored several points where policing human trafficking in the UK is failing and how it could be improved. The need of a more specific definition of human trafficking is an important step to raise awareness and increase knowledge among the public and all the government officers in order to give an effective response to victims of trafficking. Victims of exploitation are very vulnerable persons, and for that reason, First Responders need to have a practical training to understand how to deal with a victim of exploitation. Having specialized government officers at places where there is a large likelihood of finding victims of trafficking is essential. With proper training the officers will increase the chance of prosecute and convict offenders of human trafficking. The law in the UK for human trafficking should be defined in one way and not in several parts thereby creating confusion for those who deal with trafficked victims. Have the knowledge on how to support and take care of child and adults victims of trafficking is essential to prepare them for a new life and to gain ability to prosecute offenders with success. Give psychological support to both adult and children should be well implemented to protect the national interests. Recommendations Define the number of days depending on the intensity of trauma of the victims of trafficking Divide the immigration, asylum and human trafficking cases between different departments within the UK Border Agency Increase the number of agencies with authority to refer victims of trafficking to the National Referral Mechanism The Minister of Immigration should no longer deal with human trafficking cases and pass that administration to Policing and Criminal Justice Minister in the Home Office. Provide more practical training for First Responders Create awareness and sensitize the public and First Responders Make sure that First Responders are aware of what human trafficking is and how to respond to victims of human trafficking. Reinforce policing in after care of children victims of trafficking Supply faster counselling to children References American Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (2010) Evidence-Based Mental Health Treatment for Victims of Human Trafficking. Available at: http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/07/humantrafficking/mentalhealth/index.pdf (Accessed: 5 May 2013) APPG (2012) Report from the joint Inquiry into children who go missing from care. Available at: http://www.childrenssociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/tcs/u32/joint_appg_inquiry_-_reportpdf (Accessed: 20 May 2013) Centre for Social Justice (2013) It Happens Here. Centre for Social Justice. Available at: http://www.centreforsocialjustice.org.uk/UserStorage/pdf/Pdf%20reports/CSJ_Slavery_Full_Report_WEB(5).pdf (Accessed: 10 May 2013) CEOP (2007) A Scoping Project on Child Trafficking in the UK. London: Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre Available at: http://polis.osce.org/library/f/2973/1500/GOV-GBR-RPT-2973-EN-1500 (Accessed: 20 May 2013) Clawson, H. J., Dutch, N. M., and Williamson, E. (2008). National symposium on the health needs of human trafficking: Background document. Washington, DC. Crown Prosecution Service (2013) Human Trafficking and Smuggling. Available at: http://www.cps.gov.uk/legal/h_to_k/human_trafficking_and_smuggling/#a10 (Accessed: 16 May 2013) Davies, M., Croall, H. and Tyrer, J. (2010) Criminal Justice. (4th edn.) Harlow: Longman Doezema, J. (2000). ‘Loose or Lost Women? The Re-emergence of the Myth of White Slavery in Contemporary Discourses of Trafficking in Women.’ Gender Issues 18(1): 23-50. GRETA (2012) Report concerning the implementation of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings by the United Kingdom. Strasbourg: Cedex Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/download.action;jsessionid=gzYqRMcKJNWh9Tx9Thjv69Cs9mmWpwLvgX38LkPQFG51ssv11Th3!1062222535?nodePath=%2FPublications%2FGRETA_Report+United+Kingdom+2012_en.pdffileName=GRETA_Report+United+Kingdom+2012_en.pdf (Accessed: 10 May 2013) Hope for Justice (2013) Human Trafficking Briefing. Available at: http://hopeforjustice.org.uk/human-trafficking-briefing#human-trafficking-briefing (Accessed: 1 May 2013) Inter-Departmental Ministerial Group (2012) First annual report of the Inter-Departmental Ministerial Group on Human Trafficking. Home Office Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/118116/human-trafficking-report.pdf (Accessed: 20 May 2013) Legislation.gov.uk (2008) Children Act 1989. Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1989/41/contents (Accessed: 20 May 2013) Parliament (2013) The work of the UK Border Agency (July-September 2012). Home Affairs. Available at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmhaff/792/79205.htm#023 (Accessed: 10 May 2013) SOCA (2013) An Overview of Human Trafficking. Available at: http://www.soca.gov.uk/about-soca/about-the-ukhtc/an-overview-of-human-trafficking (Accessed: 1 May 2013) SOCA (2013) National Referral Mechanism. Available at: http://www.soca.gov.uk/about-soca/about-the-ukhtc/national-referral-mechanism (Accessed: 1 May 2013) SOCA (2013) Sexual Offecences Act 2003. Available at: http://www.soca.gov.uk/about-soca/about-the-ukhtc/relevant-legislation/sexual-offences-act-2003 (Accessed: 1 May 2013) The Palermo Protocol (2011) The Palermo Protocol. Available at: http://www.palermoprotocol.com/general/the-palermo-protocol (Accessed: 1 May 2013) UKBA (2013) Our Organisation. Available at: http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/aboutus/organisation/  (Accessed: 5 May 2013) UKBA (2013) Victims of Trafficking – guidance for frontline staff. Home Office. Available at: http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/sitecontent/documents/policyandlaw/modernised/cross-cut/protecting-vulnerable/04-victimstrafficking?view%253DBinary.28357810ECEA7B1C20CBF76CFF49144E.html (Accessed: 5 May 2013) Is Memory a Constructive and Active Process? Is Memory a Constructive and Active Process? Joane Cree Memory is a constructive and active process’ Evaluate this claim, drawing upon evidence from Chapter 8. of Book 1, Mapping Psychology Memories are part of people that grow and develop overtime, through everyday life and the[p1] experience that they have. They are vital in that they tell people how to react to certain situations and the people that they encounter along the way. Memories can allow people to effectively cope with social situations, and choose the best behaviour to suit the situation. They allow people to remember rules or safety information, to keep themselves and other safe. A lot of the feelings about a situation that people have come from previous knowledge of how they felt or what happened to them at that time. They can make experiences more stressful, but they can also build up confidence or make them feel more nervous. Memories provide people with information to allow them to make decisions, they allow them to plan their lives and help them to understand their own personalities as well as others. Therefore they are apart of the people they are and the people that they will become. This essay wil l look at memory as being a dynamic and active process rather than just a mechanism for storing information. A cognitive perspective on memory is not easy to investigate, as it cannot be observed directly. A variety of methods are used to provide evidence and explanations into understanding structures and theories of the mind. These include controlled laboratory experiments, quasi-experiments, field experiments, diary studies and cross-sectional studies, using insider as well as outsider viewpoints. Useful comparative information can be found by looking at case studies of memory deficits. Memory researchers have developed various theories to help to understand what regions of the brain are involved in making memories, and memory operating processes, how memories are constructed and how these are not always remembered exactly in the memory as they happened. They provide an illustration on how we are constituted by experiences and how this affects behaviour. You need a reference to Pheonix here (Pheonix 2007) Researchers have found three key memory processes, which work together to process information. These include encoding processes, storage processes and lastly retrieval processes. A(s a)ll three of these processes work with each other, but how well the information is remembered depends on how well it was encoded. Encoding information involves putting information into the memory to store it. Using a visual appearance, a sound of a word or the meaning of the word, or a skill action, which is then transferred into a code. Once an experience is coded, storage processes retain the coded information in the memory, and it is then used to form internal representations, when it is matched with something seen.( Using the retrieval process the information is) Retrieval involves taking (en) from the memory store. It is then recognised and recalled by the memory. Research completed by William James (1890), looked at a primary memory permitting conscious activity in the mind and also a secondary m emory which was responsible for storing the knowledge. Further research provided three sub-sections, sensory memory, short term and long-term memory Need another reference to Brace and Roth here. Memory is active, can be selective and constructive[p2], but the memory does depend on the brain functioning, and memory research has shown that experiences and ongoing cognitive functions can affect the brain biologically. Experiences in the environment can also contribute to our biological being. Leading researcher Albert Bartlett believed in constructive memory, and he rejected the idea that memory involves us replaying peoples experiences of the past. This again suggests that memories grow though out peoples lives. Bartlett completed a study involving a story ‘The war of the ghosts’, from this study Bartlett found when they were asked to recall this story, that the story they told was different to the original one. He believed the errors to the story were the result of going beyond what was explicitly stated in the story. Bartlett later suggested from his research that when we are given new materials, we use previous knowledge/ past experience to make sense of it, â €˜effort after meaning’. His work demonstrated how the information stored in the memory and its accuracy could be affected by people’s own knowledge and experience of their life. His ideas have lead to further research taken place into the memory being a constructive rather than a reproductive process. That the memory is more active and has different components, not just a store for information. Future memories will not be exactly the same as past ones, the memory of an event can change over time when given new information, so it needs to be flexible. Memories of past events can be re constructed so may not be accurate in how it is remembered or recalled. This is a constructive rather than a reproductive system. Another argument by researchers is that experiences become memories and memories become structure, they are however inter- linked. Both of these making a person who they are, both biology and experiences influence memory. As neither biology or experience provides us with the full story. Research into memory has shown that the experiences that people have and people’s ongoing cognitive functions can be seen to affect the brain biologically. Studies into memory processes and structures provide evidence of how we are constituted by experiences around us. However having knowledge of an experience provide us with stimulation in order to cue a memory. It is believed that memory can be enhanced, and people can actively help their memory retain information. The theory by Craik and Lockhart (1972 cited in Brace and Roth 2007) in the levels of processing theory suggest that the retention of material in dependent on how deeply it was processed when encoded. They suggested that just copying down words without any meaning, would mean that the words would only be encoded at that level. Words with a meaning is encoded at a ‘deeper level’ so will therefore by more likely to be retained. This is because the brain is processing information more intensively, actively linking meaning to other stored material. Craik and Lockhart also looked at how the brain can memorise information by repeating information, with out further meaning behind it. These are all active processes. An example can be seen in an experiment by both Carik and Lockhart, based on this theory, the theory of processing investigation found that the participants rem embered more when told to remember the set of items. It was discovered by researchers that memory recall can be improved by using cues or prompts to retrieve information, so would suggest the memory is an active process which can be improved, therefore illustrating flexibility of the mind. It is the dynamic side of the memory that allows us to develop techniques to aid in remembering information. However a memory can also make errors, and often the memory can fail. But imperfections tell us that memory is not just a reproduction of past experences, and that it is a constructive process. Pieces of information from different sources come together to create the memory. Brace N at al, ‘Mapping Psychology’ P 170‘memory is an active, selective and constructive (rather then passive) process that is influenced by our previous knowledge, our emotional state and the social dynamics of the current situation’. The memory does not always work correctly, though sometimes this can be just temporary. Research into memory deficits tells us that parts of a damaged brain can be compensated for by other parts of the brain allowing for new memories and learning, again an active process. Another example of this is when memories are damaged or failing, as the memory can compensate to allow for this. By studying atypical memories it allows researchers to understand how the memory works and what part of the brain works with what memory processes. Memory[p3] is different among different people with different factors influencing its efficiency, such as knowledge and experiences (. Memories) and are personal to people with new memories being created all the time, as in life people continue to learn to adapt to the world around them. It could be said that memory is laid down biologically but is the outcome of the experiences people have. Memories can be changed and are not a total record of an experience (, as memories) not only because they can often fade (Memories) but because they can (also) be changed or elaborated (when they are recalled) , suggesting that they are not fixed and have a degree of plasticity/flexibility as they can change and develop. We can also actively employ techniques to help us remember information. Therefore this would mean that the memory is active rather then it being simply a store for information. Word Count 1, 431 Reference: Brace, N and Roth I (2007) Memory: structures, processes and skills. In Miell, D Pheonix, A and Thomas K. Mapping Psychology. Milton Keynes. The Open University Good end of essay referencing. [p1]  Whilst it is good that you have made it clear how important memory this good be very much summarised. The terms that most need defining are â€Å"constructe† and â€Å"active†. You need to tell the reader how you mean to tackle the question i.e. what evidence you will use. [p2]  Some explanation, and perhaps an example of what is meant by constructive is needed here. [p3]  This conclusion is reasonably well focused on assessing the claim, and summarises your points fairly well in relation to individual differences, interaction between biology and experience, plasticity and employing techniques. Superoxide Dismutase: Oxidative Stress Superoxide Dismutase: Oxidative Stress SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE: OXIDATIVE STRESS Sebastian, Jay Francine A. and Feliciano, Angel P. III INTRODUCTION Superoxide Dismutase or SOD is an enzyme that has a metal-containing antioxidant. It reduces any harmful free radicals of Oxygen or O2 forming during a normal metabolic cell state that it will form oxygen or O2 and Hydrogen peroxide. Its name originated from dismutation which means simultaneous oxidation and reduction, with that being said Supeoxide Dismutase belongs to the enzyme class Oxido-reductases. To which this enzyme catalyzes an oxidation reaction and reduction reaction. Oxidation is a reaction that increases oxygen bonding and/or decreases hydrogen bonding, while reduction is a reaction that increases hydrogen bonding and/or decreases oxygen bonding. This enzyme can be found with all living cells, but for medicinal use the enzyme is extracted specifically from cows. It can be taken as a shot as a pain treatment and inflammation caused by Arthritis. It can also be used as a shot for tolerance of radiation therapy, improves rejection rates of kidney transplants and minimizes heart damage from heart attacks.(1) SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE The Structure: Superoxide Dismutase The Cell wall not to be mistaken as the cell membrane is located outside the said cell membrane. It is described to be tough and rigid but flexible. It surrounds certain cells like: plants, fungi (like mushrooms), prokaryotes (like bacteria) and eukaryotes (like mammals). This acts as a support, protection and as a filter for unwanted foreign substances. The cell wall benefits from superoxide dismutase. Superoxide dismutase aids to the reproduction of yeast. The cell functions against cell wall-perturbation. Cell wall-perturbation is caused by oxidative stress and the superoxide dismutase aids as an antioxidant. This being said the yeast cell may be able to bud and reproduce due to the protection of superoxide dismutase. (2) Supeoxide dismutase can be found in the dermis and the epidermis. It can also be found in a Siberian chaga mushroom or CHAGA for short. It is abundant of SOD antioxidants. Superoxide dismutase is associated with Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn) and Iron (Fe). It many cases this is a metabolic enzyme due to it being an antioxidant. (3) Copper, Zinc Superoxide dismutase also known as superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) this enzyme is located within humans and is soluble. This structure displays that Cu,Zn Superoxide dismutase is embedded within this enzyme. This is located in the cytosol, nucleus, peroxisomes, and mitochondrial intermembrane space of eukaryotic cells and in the periplasmic space of bacteria. The enzyme within humans is described to have a 32-kDa homodimer, with 1 copper and 1 zinc binding site per 153-amino acid subunit. Each monomer based on a ÃŽ ²-barrel motif and has 2 large functional loops, to which they are called electorstatic and zinc loops. This encases the metal binding region. The crystal structure of metal bound dimeric human SOD1. Copper and zinc ions are shown as blue and orange spheres. The zinc loop is seen in the orange coloured structure and the electrostatic loop in a blue colour. The intrasubunit disulfide bond is seen as red. A hydrogen bond network stabilizes the structure around the metal ions and links the metal-binding sites to portions of the protein (Fig. 1.). Metal binding region in SOD1 is contained within each subunit and has 1 copper and 1 zinc binding site in close enough to share an imidazolate ligand. (4) Figure 1. Structure of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase or SOD1 (4) Figure 2 displays Iron, Manganese superoxide dismutase also known as superoxide dismutase 2(SOD2) this is located within humans. In this enzyme Fe,Mn- superoxide dismutase can be found embedded in this particular enzyme. This enzyme producess a mitochondrial protein to which it will form a homotetramere. It also binds 1 manganese ion per subunit. This protein binds with the superoxide byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation. it will convert it to hydrogen peroxide and diatomic oxygen. This enzyme can also be located within a bacteria E. coli. Crystal structures have been solved at high resolution for Fe,Mn- Superoxide dismutase. E. coli MnSOD described to have a homodimer, while in humans and T. thermophilus Fe,Mn- Superoxide dismutase are homotetramers. The subunits are composed of 2 domains, an all-a N-terminal domain and an a/b C-terminal domain (Fig. 2.). Known residues that only appear to be in Mn- Superoxide dismutase families, to which are expected to represent groups for cata lytic function. Four of these are H26, H81, D167, and D171 in E. coli Mn-SOD sequence numbering. These are metal ligands. 2 more, H30 and Y34, form a gateway to an active site, and another, E170, is found in the outer sphere of a metal binding site.(5) Figure 2. E. coli Manganese superoxide dismutase displays the homodimer (5) Superoxide dismutase, Extracellular matrix or EC-SOD described to be tetrametric, a hydrophobic glycoprotein. It can be located in the extracellular fluid. This includes the plasma and the extracelluar matrix of tissues. This can be located within the human body; in the heart, pancreas, and lungs. This enzyme shows some similarities with Cu,Zn- Superoxide dismutase. It also suppresses LDL oxidation. It also provides protection of the lungs from inflammation. It can remove H2O2 in the extracellular space. The crystallographic structure of tetrameric human SOD3 enzyme complexed with copper or Cu (orange) and zinc or Zn (grey) cations. The protein secreted inside the extracellular space, forms a glycosylated homotetramere that it is anchored in the extracellular matrix. The cell surfaces through the interaction with heparan sulfate proteoglycan and collagen. Part of the protein is pushed near the C-terminus before it secretes to generate a circulating tetramers that does not interact in th extracellular matrix. (Fig. 3.). (6) Figure 3. Superoxide dismutase, extracellular matrix (6) Mechanism of Catalysis, Kinetics of Reaction and Mode of Regulation The overall reaction mechanism of superoxide dismutase is a ping- pong like reaction. It is because this reaction is reversible. As it displays in this formula: Ezox + O2 + H+ ↔ Ezred(H+) + O2(1)Ezred(H+) + O2 + H+ ↔ Ezox + H2O2 (2) This can be done by Fe, Mn and Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutases (SODs). Where Ezox and Ezred is Cu2+Zn2+ and Cu+Zn2+, Fe3+ and Fe2+, Mn3+ and Mn2+, Ni3+ and Ni2+ to which it is derived from Cu,Zn, Fe and Mn-SODs. This is a simple redox reaction. The display of oxidation and or reduction from oxidative stress and oxidative free radicals. That being said it reduces oxygen and increases hydrogen and vice versa. The first reaction displace an oxidation from the addition of oxygen and reduction of hydrogen. The 1st reaction gives enough energy to produce a 2nd reaction. To which the same process is done, but with the give product. Notice that the reaction displays the predicted outcome of superoxide dismutase to with both produced oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. This shows a stopped-flow kinetic measurements. The peroxide complex forms, it effectively inactivates the enzyme in a balanced state. This peroxide complex is described to be an isomer of the peroxy intermediate. It being formed when a turnover occurred, and the conversion of a dead-end complex demonstrates the solvent isotope effect less. This suggests that the proton transfer to productive peroxy anion complex prevented the formation of the dead-end complex. A close balance between oxidative and reductive rates is displayed to be quite important for an efficient cycle of the enzyme to which a turnover occurred. (Fig. 4.). (7) Figure 4. Manganese-Superoxide dismutase kinetic cycle (5) In the mechanism of superoxide dismutase catalyzed by copper dihistidine complex. An observation of the complex between superoxide and copper dihistidine wasnt observed due to the dismutation if superoxide catalyzed by copper complex requires such a complex. Notably, amino acid residues which are located near the active site have an effect on the enzymatic dismutation. Derivatization of Arg-141 which is positioned only 6 A away from the copper ion, diminishes the activity of the enzyme approximately by 10% of its original value. Also 7 to 8 lysine residues diminishes the activity of the enzyme and also inverts the dependence of its activity in ionic strength. Amino acid residues near the active site play an important role in the Mechanism of superoxide dismutase. Lysine provides an attractive electrostatic field or superoxide anion. While the rest of the residues play a role in directing the superoxide anion to the active site. (8) Associated Diseases and Application Super Oxide Dismutase is an enzyme present in all living cells. This enzyme speeds up a certain chemical reaction in our body. Super Oxide dismutase is usually extracted from cows. In can be taken by the mouth for removing wrinkles and for rebuilding or repairing tissues. Super Oxide dismutase can be also injected in our body. It is usually used in treating gout, sports injuries, osteoarthritis, cancer and lung problems for a newborn baby. It also helps in toleration with radiation therapy. It also helps in treating people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease and cataracts. Some researchers found that super oxide dismutase has a potential to be used as an anti-aging treatment. (9) Lou Gehrig’s disease, a fatal degenerative condition in which motor neurons are destroyed, is now known to be caused by mutation in gene that codes for cytosolic Cu-Zn isozyme of SOD. Red blood cells are usually protected because they possess high concentrations of Cu-Zn SOD, catalase, and gluthathione peroxidase, and a very active pentose phosphate pathway. (10) REFERENCE â€Å"Superoxide Dismutase†. 2014. Retrieved 05 September 2014 from http://www.webmd.com â€Å"Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase is required for cell wall structure and for tolerance for cell wall-perturbing agents in Saccharomyces cerevisiae†. 2010. Retrieved 05 September 2014 from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089158490200905X?np=y â€Å"Why does CHAGA aid in the relief of: Cancer†. 2005. Retrieved 05 September 2014 from http://www.carner.ws/testit â€Å"Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis†. 2005. Retrieved 05 September 2014 from http://www.bio.brandeis.edu/nbio146/readings/Selverstone05.pdf â€Å"Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (MnSOD)† by Jun Luo. 2001. Retrieved 05 September 2014 from http://www.healthcare.uiowa.edu/corefacilities/esr/education/2001/3/LuoJ-paper3.pdf â€Å"Superoxide dismutase 3, extracellular (SOD3) variants and lung function†. 2009. Retrieved 06 September 2014 from http://physiolgenomics.physiology.org/content/37/3/260 â€Å"Superoxide dismutases: active sites that save, but a protein that kills† by Miller, A. 2004. Retrieved 06 September 2014 from http://www.chem.uky.edu/research/miller/afm_papers/1.pdf â€Å"On the mechanism of action of superoxide dismutase: a theoretical study†. 1984. Retrieved 05 September 2014 from http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja00331a048?journalCode=jacsat â€Å"Superoxide Dismutase Benefits One of the Most Important Things You Can Do To Live Longer†. 2011. Retrieved 06 September 2014 from http://undergroundhealthreporter.com/superoxide-dismutase-benefits-help-you-live-longer/#ixzz3CbtGdYqF Mckee, T. Mckee, J. R. (2003) Biochemistry: the molecular basis of life 3rd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. Retrieved 14 August 2014 Weapons Of Mass Destruction | Terrorism Weapons Of Mass Destruction | Terrorism The cause of concern for any terrorists attack since the post cold war era has been unprecedented. Such concern has increased of late as the disintegration of erstwhile Soviet Union has left many nuclear, chemical and biological weapons in the hands of nations, who are finding it hard to ensure their two ends meet and to secure these weapons. So, these weapons are vulnerable in the hands of these nations, as any terrorist organisation would be looking out to materialise on such issues and acquire these Weapons of Mass Destruction. The chapters so far has brought out the various facets of terrorism using Weapon of Mass Destructions. Though the terrorists activities or incidents involving Weapon of Mass Destructions is miniscule as compared to incidents involving conventional weapons, any attack by terrorists using Weapon of Mass Destructions cannot be overlooked. The growing high end incident violence and the terrorists willingness to inflict mass casualty to general public is a pointer in the direction where terrorism is headed. The weapon of mass destruction is the buzz word for the terrorists, as with small effort, they inflict a larger damage. With the disintegration of the erstwhile Soviet Union, fissile material or Chemical and Biological agent reaching a terrorists hand is not a remote possibility, especially for a state sponsored or well funded terrorist groups. In respect of India, the recent turmoil in Pakistan and the terrorist groups not recognising the government is a reminder of a Weapon of Mass Destructions attack in India becoming a reality. The terrorists can exploit the use of Weapons of Mass Destructions by either theft/ buying it from one of the states which is either in need of money or are harbouring terrorism. It is important that the world realise today that the threat from Weapon of Mass Destructions use by terrorist is imminent, and we should not be caught off guard and wanting in this regard. The starting point will include developing comprehensive plan involving the understanding the nuances of use of Weapon of Mass Destructions by terrorists and the groups. The starting point in this case would be to have something on lines of Global War on Terrorism (GWOT), as started by the USA. We need to identify the terrorists groups, which are most likely to use Weapon of Mass Destructions, and ban the outfit, freeze their funding and try and catch the leaders of these groups. India on their hand can start of on this mission, by firstly increasing the vigilance on the borders, increasing public awareness, and above reinforcing the existing security at its nuclear, chemical and biological plants, where a terrorist group may lay their hand on. Amongst other things which has aspired terrorism, nationalist terrorism, religious extremism and aggressive separatism are the most significant one. Nationalist terrorism is employed by a group of people with a common identity to achieve independence from the ruling power. Religious extremism is driven by the belief that violent actions against any state is not only fulfilling the Gods will, but also freeing mankind from evil in the world. The poor countries of North Africa and Arab states are of the opinion that the western world doesnt want these countries to become rich. The liberal and open economy of developed nations is often taken as being against these poor nations, thus leading to religious extremism. To ensure that such kind of terrorism does not spring up, the gap between the rich and poor nation needs to be reduced. The modern terrorism frightens people with its ability to employ high technological weapon such as Biological, Chemical, or even Nuclear devices. The use of biological agent cannot ruled out, no matter how much repugnant it may be. Biological agents have been known to have been made few state actors, and it could have easily been passed on to the non state actors, fighting for similar cause. If a biological threat was not taken seriously, it would be a bad bargain for any state. Reasonable protective measures would demand increased attention. Chemical weapons or agents are an effective military tool and can be easily be defined as an instrument of terror. Many countries have since end of the World War II has invested in the chemical agents however most of them claim to have discarded these weapons. The chemical weapon use by terrorists may be less effective as compared to other Weapons of Mass destruction, but it will have a huge impact on the morale and psychological effect, in addition to political impact. The basic technology for development of chemical agents would be same as that required for civilian use. This dual use technology for chemical agent pose a significant danger if they are diverted for weapons production, and any improper or illegal use cannot be found out easily. Bio terrorism is more likely than ever before and far more threatening than explosive or chemical. Preventing and countering bio terrorism is extremely difficult. Detection or interdiction of those intending to use bio weapon is next to impossible. Terrorists are likely to use the rapidity of casualty reached due to unexpected and non available diagnostic and therapeutic support needed. We are ill prepared to deal with such terrorist attacks. A chemical release is far more manageable than the biological challenge posed by Small pox or Anthrax. The spectre of Biological weapon is an ugly one, every bit as grim as that of a nuclear winter. The resource availability in the poor countries being at premium shall make them a vulnerable target that shall be unable to cope with the magnitude of such casualties. On the immediate horizon knowing well that what little can be done under such attacks, a mammoth task lies before us and a cruel opportunity with terrorist groups to exploit it to the ir advantage. The chances of a terrorist group using a nuclear weapon is less when compared to chemical and biological weapon, but any use of nuclear weapon would be profound and disastrous for a state. All countries need to be vigilant in monitoring any proliferation of nuclear weapon technology to the terrorist groups. A terrorist group would not like to use a Weapon of Mass Destruction in the first instance. This is because in destroying the entire population and devastating societies, these terrorists organisations would lose everything they have fought for so far. However, the use of such weapons by self destructive terrorists or those who are religious fanatic cannot be overlooked. The change in the nature of the threat requires changes in the way we organize our resources to provide for the common defence. To cope with the new threat will require new doctrines and innovative technologies, improved intelligence and law enforcement, and better cooperation with like-minded governments. The three-pronged strategy I have described is both within our reach and within our budget. Of course we will have to refocus our priorities, and more funding will be required. But the threat of terrorist attack on American cities involving chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear weapons has reached the point where a bold and vigorous effort is required. This is a clear and present danger to the American people that requires a timely response. Historically, much less attention has been paid to the CB terrorist threat than to its nuclear counterpart, despite the cogency of the argument that the latter is less likely to occur than the former. In the wake of the Tokyo subway attack, this has begun to change. In fact, the past couple of years have witnessed a good deal of intergovernmental consultation and enhanced domestic security measures planned or put into place throughout the Western world. Whether these will be sufficient or timely enough to prevent the next large-scale CB terrorist incident or at least to mitigate its consequences to an acceptable degree, however, remains to be seen. A robust WMD elimination capability is what all the countries require to meeting this threat and protecting from any catastrophic disaster. The hostile countries or terrorists groups would not think twice before using WMD against any country if it is assured that the country is not prepared to counter the threat.